CCNA PART -2 (Open System Interconnection) Reference Model
2) OSI (Open System Interconnection) Reference Model
OSI Reference Model
Reference
The word
reference always between two things, there is no reference of only a single
thing. The eye’s reference is with eye and the leg’s reference with leg. This
reference means there is any two devices is involved in this reference not one
device. OSI Reference Model is not for a single machine, this model is for
networks.
OSI
OSI stands for Open System
Interconnection.
Q: Why is it said as Open System, why not as Close
System?
Ans: As you know, “The connectivity of two or more
than two devices so that they can communicate which each other”.
there is not
mentioned that medium would be copper, fiber, microwaves or radio waves for the
connectivity. Media may be anything for the connectivity.
The other part
of the definition “The connectivity of two or more than two devices”
devices mean it can be a router, switch, computer, modem or any other device.
Example
Using your
Internet, when you send an email or chat with other by MSN Messenger, there is
not a condition that those only those people can send emails or chat with each
other that had the same machines both sides. Machines may be of any vendor i.e.
IBM, Compaq or Dell.
You can use any media, any vender’s computer
and any operating system for connectivity and sharing resources. So it is known
as Open i.e. open for every one.
If the OSI System was as
Close System then it means, Internet will use the people that have only Compaq
machines.
OSI Model is a Layered Approach
(Structured Approach), which is made to understand the Internet or
network.
Layered Approach OR Structured Approach
If you
understand the human, then you can say this is a human being, which is divided
into structure. Like head, eyes, nose, hand mouth etc. Each part of body has
its own function.
Q: What is advantage of Layered Approach?
Ans:
Example:
If there is
one person is working in a company, that person is marketing manager, technical
manager, receptionist and peon also. This single person is responsible for all
working of company.
After one
year, there is a visit of Chief Executive by chance, he asked that person about
the dirtiness of office. He replied that I have been involving in technical
matter, marketing all day so I have not time. The employee accepts the
responsibility of office but he presents logic also. In this situation you
cannot blame on the employee.
On the other
hand if there is division like: there are separate employees on all departments
i.e. marketing, technical, receptionist and peon.
When Chief
Executive came and asked the peon about the dirtiness of office. This is an
error by the peon not marketing or technical manager. Company has no business
in this whole year this error is by the marketing manager not peon or
receptionist or any other person.
By using
Layered Approach you can find out the errors on accurate location. If there is
not layered approach then there is very difficult to find out the errors and
also resolving these errors.
Example:
Using
Internet, when you dial to connect to the Internet, messages may show like”
There is no dial tone”, “Invalid User Name / Pass Word”. If you see the word
only as “Error” then you cannot find out the exact location of error. After
seeing messages you will check the appropriate location for resolving the
error.
e.g. if you
see “There is no dial tone” then you will check the telephone not correct the
password.
Net Workers divide the Internet
theory to maximum seven layers. They said there are seven layers may not be
eight layers but may be six, five. You can remember the seven layers with this
line
“All People Seems to Need Data
Processing”.
Q: Why do make
OSI Model?
Ans: OSI Reference Model is
made for to the point error detection.
OSI Open System Interconnection Layered Model
Ser No
|
Layers
|
7
|
Application Layer
|
6
|
Presentation Layer
|
5
|
Session Layer
|
4
|
Transport Layer
|
3
|
Network Layer
|
2
|
Data Link Layer
|
1
|
Physical Layer
|
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You can say this
model as “Data Flow Chart”. The purpose of this model to understand the flow of
data on the network, understanding the steps during moving the data in network.
7. Application Layer
Computer
applications like MS Word, MS Excel etc. If we want to chat on Internet then we
run MS Messenger (which is Application), without opening of any application on
your computer you cannot make any work.
The first step for doing any
work, to run application.
You send HELLO
to other computer there is compulsory that same applications are running on
both computers that want to communicate.
If there are not running same applications on both computers then this
HELLO not to be seen on computer screen.
6. Presentation Layer
Our language
is English and computer learns that language is machine. This layer converts
the data from one form to another form. It converts the data into machine
language.
5. Session Layer
This layer is
most critical and most conceptual. This layer creates virtual session. Virtual
Session means to check the availability of other side. Sessions are of two
kinds:
i.
Physical Session (First we go and the checking)
ii.
Virtual Session
(First we checking then going)
Remember the word HELLO is not
for our machine but it is another machine.
Example (Physical Session)
If you want to
go to Lahore
from Islamabad,
then there are two ways. First is that you reached at Lahore without informing that person. When
you asked about that person, you find that person is not available. You will
come back by spending patrol, time without any progress.
Example (Virtual Session)
If you call
that person before go to Lahore,
if that person is available then I will move, otherwise I will not move. The
advantage of this virtual session was, you have saved their resources.
Virtual Session provides the
information about the other party available or not and also saving the
resources.
Example
This
layer normally to be said as G.M. This G.M. wants to move another G.M. of
Company for meeting. There are seven gates for going, but only one gate from
which G.M can go out. When two computers connected with each other then this is
physical layer.
Example
Using MSN
Messenger, you want to chat another person, if that person is available then the
other window is opened otherwise a message will display as “User is not
available”
4. Transport Layer
If other
machine is available then this layer is responsible to transport the data on
network. For the transport of data fragmentation is made. “The conversion of
data into small pieces is called fragmentation or permutation”. E.g. HELLO is
converted as:
H
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E
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L
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L
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O
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There is MAC
address exist, MAC address have used many devices like switches and LAN card.
As you know
that data travel in form of 0 & 1 (these are the voltage level not
mathematical and other number ), every device may contain different voltage,
its means there is the involvement of voltage. If you have 3 or 5 voltage and
its parallel there is line of any high voltage, then it may harm your data.
e.g.
During watching
TV, you some time see lining on your TV set, this is why with any high voltage.
Same like
above, if there is any data cable contains 3 volts but its parallel a high 5
volts is passing then it is very possible that any bit of your data changes
(i.e. 0 to 1).
Example
During the
chatting on messenger a person asked what is your age, he writes answer 25 and
sends. During the data traveling its only one bit changes and your information
will be changed as 65.
In reality no
any system is so week, so to resolve this problem a layer is introduced called
Data Link Layer. Its main function is the deduction of error.
CRC: (Cyclic Redundancy
Code)
This algorithm
is very important and famous. There may were mistakes take place, so an error
deduction algorithm is made. It attaches an algorithm for sending data to the
other side as it is.
Example
If we have
data 25 (5 5) and generators of link side are 5. That generator will divide the
5 / 5 and remainder will 0. When you send 25 on Internet then not only 25 is
passing but the footers (tailors) also. Due to some error the word 26 (5 5 1)
instead of 25 is changed, on the other machine there will be attached a CRC
Algorithm again to check the both checksum. If there is any different then
there is any error in that data which you sent. If there is an error then your
system (Receiver) will not correct that error but it will say to the sender to
correct.
Retransmission
is faster as compared to error correction.
There are two
sources for errors:
a)
Errors within the Machine or System (i.e. Computers,
Routers, Modems etc)
b)
Errors from outside the Machine (i.e. in media when
data is sent)
According to
the research there is 99% probability of error when data travels on Media. The
error in system is very rare, if may occur then system recover or restore from
its own cache.
1. Physical
Layer:
After all the
layers exist on a cable is attached to your computer, this cable works on which
level is called physical layer.
Example
If you make a
file and give to a peon for send to another place. The peon will move
physically for the delivery of that file. The work of peon is to carry the data
as it is.
Above you sent
the word HELLO to other machine, this word travels on all layers by sequence,
but if there is an error between the layers then the chances of data to be
corrupted.
Q: Where that corrupted data
is checked?
Ans: There is another Data Link Layer to the other
side of Computer. From sender, the algorithm is attached with the data and will
re verify by other side.
Switch, NIC
Card (LAN Card) work on Data Link Layer.
There
are all opposite works are done to other side of machine.
Concept
1. G.M
(Application) G.M
(Application)
2. Secretary
(Session) Secretary
(Session)
3. Peon
(Physical) Peon
(Physical)
According to rules, is there
possible that the G.M of Company “A” call to the Peon of Company “B” everyday?
By above definition of Protocols,
the relation of these companies will as under:
G.M G.M
Secretary Secretary
Peon Peon
Protocols are software. On the Internet or network no any work is
done without protocols. If there is no protocol then there is no any
communication.
2. Header
When you write HELLO and send, then
the data will move to down as Presentation Layer. On this layer the header of
presentation layer is attached with the data. On one step down there is another
header of session layer is attached with, and so on.
Example
If I write a
letter (Data) and saved in my draws without any receiver’s address then this
letter will not reach on any destination. Because this letter contains no any
address and media (LCS or TCS etc).
On the other
hand if this letter contains the complete address of receiver and also
specified the courier then letter will reach at desired location. With out
header data cannot move. Header is the method for communication. Header is an
overhead.
Example
There are
students in class, there said the students to pass outside the class and
passing rate of data is one student per one man. 10 students will pass out in
10 seconds. But if there are 2 bodyguards (as over heads) with these then total
12 students, now these will pass in 12 seconds. This time consuming due to the
overhead. When you use overhead on network then it decreases the speed.
3. Encapsulation
Example
If there is a
patient and you give a white powder (medicine) to eat, that patient will not
take because he does not know about that medicine so he refused. (There is No
Communication). If he receives that medicine then it is said communication is
done.
On the other
hand if I put that medicine in a capsule (Encapsulation) and I said eat it,
then he will not eat. I write the name of medicine in “French” on capsule then
he will not eat because he does not understand “French” language. If I wrote in
English i.e. Amoxil then he eat immediately because he knows and understand
that language. (There is communication is done).
For the communication same set of
rules and regulations is required. If one machine knows the
French then other machine must know that language (Protocol), otherwise
communication will not take place. Due to this Protocol (language) forces the
patient to take medicine.
4.
Software
Protocols,
headers and encapsulation are software.
As you know
about Transport Layer, controls the flow of data.
Flow
control because of the:
- Connection Awaiting
- Connection Less
- TCP
- Connection Oriented
- UDP
Flow
Control
Example
The water
(Data) is coming from hand pump (Sender) to a glass (Receiver), after a short
time the glass will full and then it will be overflow (Wastage of Data). If you
want to reserve the wastage of data then you will have to apply a phenomenon is
called flow control. There are two possibilities to control the flow of data:
a)
You will stop the working of hand pump (to decrease the
speed of sender)
b)
Or you will start the usage of the water (to increase
the speed of receiver)
On the
Internet the process of Flow Control is automatic. On the back a process is
working called “Speed Utilization” which means that equalizes the speed of
sender and receiver.
Connection Oriented
Connection Oriented (Reliable)
In this type
of communication, an acknowledgment receipt is generated. This is slow but most
reliable.
Example
Slow: the
machine will not go ahead whenever he does not understand the data.
Reliable: it is
100% sure that if machine receives the information then go ahead, otherwise
not.
Connection Oriented:
(Unreliable)
In this type
of communication, only one time connection confirmation then always data will
be sent. This type of communication little bit fast than connection oriented
reliable.
Connection Less:
(Unreliable)
In this
communication, an acknowledgment receipt is not generated. It is fast but
unreliable.
Example
During the
construction of building there are some workers are working. The bricks are
coming the worker from floor to other worker on ground. Due to
non-acknowledgment, bricks kill the worker on ground but bricks (Data) are
coming from floor. Due to the absent of ground worker data is lost.
TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol)
TCP is the
example of Connection Oriented.
UDP (User Datagram
Protocol):
UDP is the
example of Connection Less.
3) Network Devices
There is a line of network
devices like Hub, Repeater, Generator, Bridges, Switch, Multinet Switch,
Routers Derouter, Fixed Firewall etc. these are all devices included in your
course.
But the devices that are related
your course are Hub, Switch and Router.
1) HUB
A central part of any network is
known as Hub. There is no any abbreviation used for Hub. Hub is a broadcast
device and same data to all ports. Hub works on Physical Layer.
Q: Hub is a Directed or Flooded Broadcast device?
Ans: This will depend on the
address.
2) Switch
Switch works on Data Link Layer
and has software ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). It is the
combination of software and hardware. The software of Switch is known as
Switching Table. There are switches of LAN and also of WAN.
Note: Controller for specific
work
Processor
for multiple works
Example
If there are three devices like
A, B and C. A wants to talk with B then data from A reaches to the switch. Data
will stay in switch for a moment if Hub was present then the data would not
stay. Hub contains IC (Integrated Circuit). initially there is no Switching
Table (Software) in ASIC(Application Specific Integrated Circuit) . As you know
that if there is no software on device then it is called Hub, so switch acts as
Hub initially.
So first time the switch will
broadcast the data, if the entry of destination is not available in Switching
Table. Otherwise if the entry of the destination is available in Switching
Table then the switch will do Unicast.
“Switch will be doing
broadcast till the entry of destination and source is not available in the
Switching Table”.
Destination Entry Available then Unicast
Destination Entry Not Available then Boradcast
3) Router
Router is layer three device,
There are routing table.Router is a unicast device, non-broadcast device.
Router has two ports written as Serial 0, Serial 1. Ethernet or LAN also
printed. The word Serial means this port is for WAN and Ethernet means for port of LAN.
“So Router is a device,
which integrates (merge) WAN and LAN”.
Destination entry available then unicast
Destination entry not available then Drops
Cards
NIC
Card (Network Interface Card)
WIC
Card (Wide Interface Card)
VIC
Card (Voice Interface Card)
VWIC Card Or WVIC Card (Voice Wide or Wide
Voice Interface Card)
Types
of communication
There are three
types of communication
1) Unicast
2) Multicast
3) Broadcast
1) Unicast
Unicast means one to
one communication. In this kind of communication only one person listen
and that person give answer. Traffic
always sent to fix destination.
2) Multicast
One to many
communication.In case of
Multicast there is no specific or fix destination. Destination can be
changed. Multicast sent from the source (Spread around the source). One
destination (System) can be one and more than one Multicast member at a time
Example
If we divided a class in two groups one group “A” and other group “B”. Teacher talks group “A”. Multicast means one to any specific
group
3) Broadcast
One to all
communication or Broadcast means to all devices
Example
A teacher in class speaks and all
the students listen that sound. The bulletin is broadcasting.
Broadcast is divided into two
categories:
1. Directed Broadcast
2. Flooded Broadcast
In a room when a
teacher said that Roll no 1 hands up, listen that comment all people but
replay only Roll no 1, this is specific broadcast.
1. Directed Broadcast
In class
if teacher ask a question from one student then all the students are listening
but only that student answers the question to teacher.
2. Flooded Broadcast
In class of teacher ask a
question from all students then all the students answer that question to the teacher.
Disadvantages of Broadcast:
LAN
(Local Area Network) &
WAN
(Wide Area Network)
Online Banking
In
old days, when you have to withdraw or deposit the money you have to go to that
specific branch that have your account. In order to maintain the balance of
each account holder, the manual books are maintained.
With the passage of time up
gradation is made with the computer system. This increases the volume of
computers in every branch for data maintaining using LAN.
All the branches of all banks are
connected each other with antennas. These antennas are point to point but not
broadcast because to avoid the risk of security.
Example
ATM Machine
ATM Machine is the example of
online banking, using this machine you can withdraw money from any ATM of any
bank.
During defining the
definitions of LAN WAN, there must not be criteria “Distance”.
LAN
Computers are connected using the
LAN Standard Cable / LAN Standard Port.
WAN
Computers are connected using the
WAN Standard Cable / WAN Standard
Port.
Standard of WAN Cable
It must be a 1/2-inch thick and
having 60 pins end of the cable.
4) IP Addressing & Concept
IP
Addressing
Q: What is IP Addressing
Ans: The Internet is a collection of
networks whose users communicate with each other. Each communication carries
the address of the source and destination networks and the particular machine
within the network associated with the user or host computer at each end. This
address is called the IP Address (Internet Protocol address). This 32-bit IP
address has two parts: one part identifies the network (with the network
number) and the other part identifies the specific machine or host within
the network (with the host number). An organization can use some of the
bits in the machine or host part of the address to identify a specific subnet.
Effectively, the IP address then contains three parts: the network number, the
subnet number, and the machine number.
The 32-bit IP address is often depicted as a dot address (also called dotted decimal notation) - that is,
four groups (or octet) of decimal numbers separated by periods. Here's an
example: Decimal Digit : 1-9
130.5.5.25
Each of the decimal numbers represents a string of eight binary digits.
Thus, the above IP address really is this string of 0s and 1s:Binary Digit :0-1
10000010. 00000101. 00000101. 00011001
As you can see, we inserted periods between each eight-digit sequence just
as we did for the decimal version of the IP address. Obviously, the decimal
version of the IP address is easier to read and that's the form most commonly
used.
We can purchase an
IP Address from IANA (Internet Assigning Number Authority)
MAC
Address
Hardware Address
Physical Address
None configurable Address
Layer 2 address
Hardcode Address
48 Bit Address
IP
Address
Software Address
Logical Address
Configurable Address
Layer 3 Address
32 Bit Address
Remember that 95%
communication on MAC base and 5% IP base, because LAN communication faster than
WAN. LAN mostly devices have MAC Address and WAN work on IP Address. MAC
developed core relation with IP, only one time IP called then every time MAC
called.
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Q What is IP addressing Scheme?
Ans:
1) Flat Addressing Scheme
Example
In America use
flat addressing scheme. “White house” # 1 then # 2 and so on …. But in
your mind no # 1 address in America
,every no different than other.
2) Hierarchal Addressing Scheme
Example
In Pakistan use
hierarchal scheme. “Block Z” have many time use, but every time “Block
Z” hierarchy are different. If we go to “Block Z” first of all we know
about what is your Province, City, Area and then “Block”.
IP Address
Classes
IP
addresses can be one of several classes, each determining how many bits
represent the network number and how many represent the host number. The most
common class used by large organizations (Class A) allows 8 bits for the
network number and 24 for the host number.
Class A 1 – 127 (Network 127 is reserved for
loopback and internal testing)
Leading
bit pattern 0 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Network . Host . Host . Host
Class B 128
– 191 Leading bit
pattern 10 10000000 .00000000.00000000.00000000
Network
. Network . Host . Host
Class C 192 – 223 Leading bit pattern 110
11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Network . Network . Network . Host
Class D 224 – 239 (Reserved
for multicast)
Class E 240 – 255 (Reserved
for experimental, used for research)
Network portion is globally unique and host
portion locally unique.
A Class 00000000=0 Default Route
01111111=127 Loopback Testing
B Class 10000000=128
10111111=191
C Class 11000000=192
11011111=223
D Class 11000000=224
11011111=239
E Class 11000000=240
11011111=255
Class
|
No of Network
|
No of Host/Network
|
No of Host/Class
|
Class A
|
2 8-1
2 7
|
2 24
|
2 7
x
2 24
|
Class B
|
2 16-2
2 14
|
2 16
|
2 14
x
2 16
|
Class C
|
2 24-3
2 21
|
2 8
|
2 21
x
2 8
|
Private Address Space
Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Default Subnet
Masks
Class A 255.0.0.0
Class B 255.255.0.0
Class C 255.255.255.0
This in you mind if
recognized that what is your class then we see only first octets (Octal is 8
word combination) of the IP Address 192.168.1.1
(also called doted decimal notation)
Formula
(Decimal to Binary and Binary to Decimal)
Conversion
in Binary Form
IP Address in decimal
form 192 . 168 . 30
. 24
First Octet 128
.
64 . 32 .
16 . 8 . 4 . 2 . 1
1 1 0 0
0 0 0
0 = 192
Second Octet 128 . 64
. 32 .
16 . 8 . 4 . 2 . 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 0
0 = 168
Third Octet 128 . 64
. 32 .
16 . 8 . 4 . 2 . 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 0
0 = 30
Fourth Octet 128 . 64
. 32 .
16 . 8 . 4 . 2 . 1
0 0 0 1
1 0 0
0 = 24
Conversion
in Decimal Form
IP Address in binary
form 11001100
. 00011110 . 00111111 . 00011100
First Octet 128
.
64 . 32 .
16 . 8 . 4 . 2 . 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0
0 = 204
Second Octet 128 . 64
. 32 .
16 . 8 . 4 . 2 . 1
0 0 0 1
1 1 1
0 = 30
Third Octet 128 . 64
. 32 .
16 . 8 . 4 . 2 . 1
0 0 1 1
1 1 1
1 = 63
Fourth Octet 128 . 64
. 32 .
16 . 8 . 4 . 2 . 1
0 0 0 1
1 1 0
0 = 28
Subneting
Q What is
subnetting?
Subnetting is the process of breaking down an IP network
into smaller sub-networks (Network with
in network) called "subnets." Each subnet is a non-physical
description (or ID) for a physical sub-network (usually a switched network of
host containing a single router in a multi-router network).
Subnet Mask Notation
There are two forms of subnet notation, standard notation and CIDR (Classless Internet Domain Routing) notation. Both versions of notation use a base address (or network Address) to define the starting point of the network, such as 192.168.1.0. This means that the network begins at 192.168.1.0 and the first possible host IP address on this subnet would be 192.168.1.1.In standard subnet mask notation, a four octet numeric value is used as with the base address , for example 255.255.255.0. The standard mask can be calculated by creating four binary values for each octet, and assigning the binary digit of .1. to the network potion, and assigning the binary digit of .0. to the network potion. In the example above this value would be 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000. In combination with the base address you have a subnet definition, in this case the subnet in standard notation would be 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0.
In CIDR notation, the number of 1.s in the binary version of the mask are counted from the left, and that number is appended to the end of the base address following a slash (/). In the example here the subnet would be listed in CIDR notation as 192.168.1.0/24.
When is Subnetting Used?
Subnets are created to limit the scope of broadcast traffic, to apply network security measures, to separate network segments by function, and/or to assist in resolving network congestion problems.., A subnet is usually composed of a network router, a switch or hub, and at least one host“Compromise in the host portion and addition in the network portion is called subnetting” Logically dividing the networks .
Example
A latter posted which address is that “IMTIAZ AHMED Corvit 14/C Gulbarg III”. A
post man takes latter and gives to “IMTIAZ
AHMED”, letter reach the correct destination (This is one IP Address and
communication with default subnet mask.)
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But two same name person “IMTIAZ AHMED” leave or work in corvit then latter could not reach correct destination and data will loss.
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How much bits subneting?
Judgment of bits table
| Bits | Formula | Total Subnets |
| 1 |
2 1
|
2 |
| 2 |
2 2
|
4 |
| 3 |
2 3
|
8 |
| 4 |
2 4
|
16 |
| 5 |
2 5
|
32 |
| 6 |
2 6
|
64 |
| 7 |
2 7
|
128 |
8
|
2 8
|
256
|
Customize Subnet Mast
table
 |
Class
|
1st bit
|
2nd bit
|
3rd bit
|
4th bit
|
5th bit
|
6th bit
|
7th bit
|
8th bit
|
 A |
/8
|
/9
|
/10
|
/11
|
/12
|
/13
|
/14
|
/15
|
B
|
/16
|
/17
|
/18
|
/19
|
/20
|
/21
|
/22
|
/23
|
C
|
/24
|
/25
|
/26
|
/27
|
/28
|
/29
|
/30
|
/31
|
 Result |
0
|
128
|
192
|
224
|
240
|
248
|
252
|
254
|
Binary Value
Customized Subnet Mast
|
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
|
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
|
 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 |
  1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 |
| 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 |
 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 |
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 |
Each IP pool in
exclaimed three things
1) Net ID
2) Broadcast
ID
3) Mask
Network
ID or Net ID
And Operation
0 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
1 AND 0 = 0
1 AND 1 = 1
IP
Address 192 . 168 . 100 . 10
IP
Address
11000000 . 10101000 . 01100100 . 00001010
Subnet
Mask 11111111 .
11111111 . 11111111 . 00000000
Network
ID 11000000 . 10101000 . 01100100 . 00000000
Network ID 192 . 168 . 100 . 0
Note:
It is remember that
IP Address 192.1.1.100/24
Net ID 192.1.1.0 (Net
ID always even)
Broadcat ID 192.168.1.255 (Broadcast ID
always odd)
Mask 255.255.255.0
1) Example of Subnetting
|
||||||||
 |
||||||||
|
||||||||
|
||||||||
IP
Address Available 192.168.1.0
Q:
If we have two remote site then judge that how many bits
Subnetting and how many subnets available?
Ans: Remember
that these things.
1) What
is your class Address Class
C
2) How
many networks bits 24
3) How
many remote brunches 2
4) Default
subnet Mask 255
.255 .255
.0
11111111 .11111111 .11111111 .0 0000000
|
5) How
many bits barrows 1
We have two remote
sits then we see that table for subnetting and chose bits.
Bits
|
Formula
|
Total
Subnets
|
1
|
2 1
|
 2 |
2
|
2 2
|
4
|
3
|
2 3
|
8
|
4
|
2 4
|
16
|
5
|
2 5
|
32
|
6
|
2 6
|
64
|
7
|
2 7
|
128
|
8
|
2 8
|
256
|
|
6) 192. 168. 1. 0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =128
OR
Farmula
called Block Size 256-128=128
=0
=128
7) Customize Subnet Mask
255 .255 .255 .128
8) Address
and Range
Net ID 192.168.1.0
Valid Range 192.168.1.1
To Total
Address 126
192.168.1.126
Broad Cast ID 192.168.1.127
Net ID 192.168.1.128
Valid Range 192.168.1.129
To Total
Address 126
192.168.1.254
Broad Cast ID 192.168.1.255
9) Subnet Mask Selection
C
|
/24
|
/25
|
/26
|
/27
|
/28
|
/29
|
/30
|
/31
|
| Result |
0
|
128
|
192
|
224
|
240
|
248
|
252
|
254
|
|
10)
How many hosts (28-1 =27) Total
Hosts(128-2) Usable Hosts(126)
2) Example of Subnetting
|
|||||
 |
|||||
 |
|||||
IP
Address Available 10.0.0.0
Q:
If we have two remote site then judge that how many bits
Subnetting and how many subnets available?
Ans: Remember
that these things.
1) What
is your class Address Class
A
2) How
many networks bits 8
3) How
many remote brunches 8
4) Default
subnet Mask 255
.0 .0 .0
11111111
.000 00000 .00000000 .00000000
|
5) How
many bits barrows 3
We have two remote
labs then we see that table for subnetting and chose bits.
Bits
|
Formula
|
Total
Subnets
|
1
|
2 1
|
2
|
2
|
2 2
|
4
|
3
|
2 3
|
8
|
4
|
2 4
|
16
|
5
|
2 5
|
32
|
6
|
2 6
|
64
|
7
|
2 7
|
128
|
8
|
2 8
|
256
|
6) Possible combination
10. 0. 0. 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 =0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 =32
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 =64
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 =96
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 =128
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 =160
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 =192
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 =224
OR
Farmula
called Block Size 256-224=32
=0
=32
=64
=96
=128
=160
=192
=224
7) Customize Subnet Mask
255 .224 .0 .0
8) Address
and Range
Net ID 10.0.0.0
Valid Range 10.1.0.0
To Total
Address 2097150
10. 30.0.0
Broad Cast ID 10. 31.255.255
Net ID 10.
32.0.0
Valid Range 10. 33.0.0
To Total
Address 2097150
10. 62.0.0
Broad Cast ID 10. 63.255.255
Net ID 10. 64.0.0
Valid Range 10. 65.0.0
To Total
Address 2097150
10. 94.0.0
Broad Cast ID 10. 95.255.255
|
Net ID 10.
96.0.0
Valid Range 10. 97.0.0
To Total
Address 2097150
10. 126.0.0
Broad Cast ID 10. 127.255.255
Net ID 10. 128.0.0
Valid Range 10. 129.0.0
To Total
Address 2097150
10. 158.0.0
Broad Cast ID 10. 159.0.0
Net ID 10.
160.0.0
Valid Range 10. 161.0.0
To Total
Address 2097150
10. 190.0.0
Broad Cast ID 10. 191.0.0
|
Net ID 10. 192.0.0
Valid Range 10. 193.0.0
To Total
Address 2097150
10. 222.0.0
Broad Cast ID 10. 223.0.0
Net ID 10.
224.0.0
Valid Range 10. 225.0.0
To Total
Address 2097150
10. 254.0.0
Broad Cast ID 10. 255.0.0
9) Subnet Mask Selection
A
|
/8
|
/9
|
/10
|
/11
|
/12
|
/13
|
/14
|
/15
|
| Result |
0
|
128
|
192
|
224
|
240
|
248
|
252
|
254
|
|
10)
How many hosts (224-3 =221)
Total Hosts(2097152-2) Usable Hosts(2097150)
3) Example of Subnetting
Total
Remote Brunches are 2048
IP
Address Available 172.10.0.0
Q:
If we have 2048 remote site then judge that how many bits
Subnetting and how many subnets available?
Ans: Remember
that these things.
1) What
is your class Address Class
B
2) How
many networks bits 16
3) How
many remote brunches 2048
4) Default subnet Mask 255
.255 .0 .0
11111111
.11111111 .00000000 .000 00000
|
5) How
many bits barrows 11
We have two remote
labs then we see that table for subnetting and chose bits.
Bits
|
Formula
|
Total
Subnets
|
1
|
2 1
|
2
|
2
|
2 2
|
4
|
3
|
2 3
|
8
|
4
|
2 4
|
16
|
5
|
2 5
|
32
|
6
|
2 6
|
64
|
7
|
2 7
|
128
|
8
|
2 8
|
256
|
9
|
2 9
|
512
|
10
|
2 10
|
1024
|
11
|
2 11
|
2048
|
6) Possible combination
172. 10. 0. .0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =0. 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 =0. 32
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 =0. 64
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 =0. 96
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =0. 128
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 =0. 160
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 =0. 192
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 =0. 224
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =1. 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 =1. 32
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 =1. 64
OR
Farmula
called Block Size 256-224=32
=0. 0
=0. 32
=0.
64
=0. 96
=0. 128
=0. 160
=0. 192
=0. 224
=1. 0
=1. 32
=1. 64
7) Customize Subnet Mask
255 .225 .255 .224
8) Address
and Range
Net ID 172.10.0.0
Valid Range 172.10.1.0
To Total
Address 30
172. 10.30.0
Broad Cast ID 172. 10.31.255
Net ID 172.
10.32.0
Valid Range 172. 10.33.0
To Total
Address 30
172. 10.62.0
Broad Cast ID 172. 10.63.255
9) Subnet Mask Selection
B
|
/16
|
/17
|
/18
|
/19
|
/20
|
/21
|
/22
|
/23
|
| Result |
0
|
128
|
192
|
224
|
240
|
248
|
252
|
254
|
B
|
/24
|
/25
|
/26
|
/27
|
/28
|
/29
|
/30
|
/31
|
| Result |
0
|
128
|
192
|
224
|
240
|
248
|
252
|
254
|
 |
10)
How many hosts (216-11 =25)
Total Hosts(32) Usable Hosts(30)
VLSM(Verable Length Subnet Mask)
Q: What Is VLSM and Why Is It Used?
A
Waste of Space
Q: When to Use VLSM?
A variable length subnet mask is a means of
allocating IP addressing resources to subnets according to their individual
need rather than some general network-wide rule. So therefore the network/host
division can occur at any bit boundary in the address. Because the normal class
distinctions are ignored, the new system was called classless routing. This led to the original
system being called, by back-formation, classful
routing. Classless routing came into use in the mid 1990s due to the inefficiences of the classful
system.
 |
|||||||||||||||
 |
|||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||
 |
|||||||||||||||
 |
|||||||||||||||
 |
|||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||
Example of VLSM
Address 192.168.1.0.
Subnets Hosts
2
60
2 32
2 15
2 7
 |
7) IP Routing
Encapsulation Topic
We can encapsulate interface not router.
There are five statuses.
Hardware Part Indicate Software
Part Indicate
Serial 0/0 is up, line protocol is up (Communication will accord)
Int in up, line protocol is down (No Communication
accord)
Int in down line protocol is up (No Communication accord)
Int in down line protocol is down (No Communication accord)
Int in administratively
down line protocol is down
(No Communication accord)
Protocol
A uniform set of rules that enable two devices to
connect and transmit data to one another. Protocols determine how data are
transmitted between computing devices and over networks. They define issues
such as error control and data compression methods. The protocol determines the
following: type of error checking to be used, data compression method (if any),
how the sending device will indicate that it has finished a message and how the
receiving device will indicate that it has received the message. Also called
protocol is a language.
Encapsulation Protocol
By default encapsulation protocol is HDLC(High level Data Link). We can change
protocol but that is in your mind if we want to communication between two
routers then both protocols is same.
A>Enable
A#Configure Terminal
A(config)#Interface Serial
0/0
A(config-if)#Encapsulation
PPP
A(config-if)# Exit
A(config)#Exit
A#Show Enterface Serial
0
Then we will see
Int in up ,line protocol is down
OR
A#Ping 10.0.0.1 (5 Packets Send ICL Protocol)
!!!!!
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56 ms
There is no communication accord; if we want communication
begun between router then we follow these commands.
A>Enable
A#Configure Terminal
A(config)#Interface Serial
0/0
A(config-if)#No Encapsulation
A(config-if)# Exit
A(config)#Exit
A#Show Interface Serial
0/0
Then we will see
Int in up ,line protocol is up
OR
A#Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56 ms
There is
communication started.
If we want to administratively down the
interface link (Some times administrator
himself down the interface that is
called administratively shutdown).For that particular work we need these
commands.
A>Enable
A#Configure Terminal
A(config)#Interface Serial
0/0
A(config-if)#Shutdown
A(config-if)# Exit
A(config)#Exit
A#Show Interface Serial
0
Then we will see
Serial 0 is administratively down, line protocol is down
OR
A#ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56 ms
There is no communication accord,
if we want communication begun between router then we go to
A>Enable
A#Configure Terminal
A(config)#Interface Serial
0/0
A(config-if)#No Shutdown
A(config-if)# Exit
A(config)#Exit
A#Show Interface Serial
0/0
Then we will see
Int in up ,line protocol is up
OR
A#Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56 ms
There is
communication started.
If we can not understand the
problem completely or new on the job. Then we type the 4 commands. These
commands will magically work and all problems will solve if physical Layer
error not exist. Because that error is router internal error.
1)
A(config-if)#
No Shutdown
2)
A(config-if)#
No Encapsulation
3)
A(config-if)# Keepalive
4)
A(config-if)# Clock
Rate 64000
One
important point keep in your mind clock rate always configure in DCE end.
Because when we connect to two routers then which cable work is one side “DTE”
and second side “DCE”. If we configure
‘Clock rate 64000” command then IOS(Internetworking Operating System) message
that “This is DET end and not configure that command” and Some IOS (Internetworking Operating System)
accept that “Clock rate 64000” command on “DTE” end but no work at all.
IP Routing Topic
Purpose
Completion of routing table
(every intelligent device have table, Router “Routing table” Switch” Switching table”).Routing table
complete called convergence
A # Show IP Route
That command show ip routing table.
C 1.0.0.0/8 is directly connected,
Serial 0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly
connected, FastEthernet0/0
“C” word mentions
that system directly connected to network. A pin point is that there is only
show network ID’s not display IP address.
There is two ways to complete routing table.
1)
Static Routing Protocol
2)
Dynamic Routing Protocol
1) Static
Method (Static Routing Protocol)
We will define one static route
define. Entry will be mentioned character “S”
in routing table
10.0.0.1
20.0.0.1
Serial 0/0 Serial 0/0
A
B
192.168.0.1
192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet 0/0 Fasteathernet 0/0
Method:
Missing Ether
net Missing Subnet Mask Missing Router
A(config)# ip
route 20.0.0.1
255.0.0.0
10.0.0.0
Missing Ether
net Missing Subnet Mask Missing Router
A(config)# ip
route 192.168.1.1
255.255.255.0 20.0.0.0
A# show ip route
C 1.0.0.0/8 is
directly connected, Serial 0
S 10.0.0.0/8
is directly connected, Serial0/0
S 192.168.0.0/24 [1/0] via 10.0.0.1
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
This is Static route, but only
method not practical in these days. If 100 network then we add separate 100
entries that is not possible now a days and in routing table entry show with “S” character.
1) Dynamic
Method
That is method of latest
technology. There are if we complete the routing table then we will define the
routing protocol. These are given below
1)
RIP (Routing Information protocol)
2)
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
3)
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol)
4)
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
Properties
Protocol
|
RIP
|
IGRP
|
EIGRP
|
OSPF
|
Protocol Category
|
Distance
Vector
|
Distance
Vector
|
Hybrid
|
Link
State
|
AD
(Administrative Distance)
|
120
|
100
|
90/170
|
110
|
Meaning: This is preference criteria (if we two
protocol configure then which protocol
shows in the routing table)
|
||||
Presentation
In
Routing
table
|
R
|
I
|
D
|
O
|
Meaning: Display in Routing Table
|
||||
Matric
|
Hop Count
|
Composite
1) Band Width 2)
Delay 3) Reliability 4) Loading 5) MTN
|
Composite
1) Band Width 2) Delay 3) Reliability 4) Loading 5) MTN
|
Cost
1
Band width
|
Meaning: Decision Criteria
|
||||
Configuration
|
||||
1) RIP
(Routing Information protocol) Configuration
In this protocol we directly connected network advertised
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
Serial 0/0 Serial 0/0
A
B
192.168.0.1 192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet
0/0 Fasteathernet 0/0
A> Enable
A# Configuration
Terminal
A(config)# Router RIP
A(config-router)# Network
10.0.0.1
A(config-router)# Network
192.168.0.1
A(config-router)# Exit
A(config)# Exit
A# Show IP Route
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:15, Serial0/0
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56
Second Router
B> Enable
B# Configuration
Terminal
B(config)# Router RIP
B(config-router)# Network
10.0.0.2
B(config-router)# Network 192.168.1.1
B(config-router)# Exit
B(config)# Exit
B#Show IP Route
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
R 192.168.0.0/24
[120/1] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:02,
Serial0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
B# ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56
“R” character is
representing RIP protocol entry. We can check IP protocol
B# Show IP Protocols
Routing Protocol is “rip”
3)
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) Configuration
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
Serial 0/0 Serial 0/0
A
B
192.168.0.1
192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet
0/0 Fasteathernet 0/0
A> Enable
A# Configuration Terminal
A(config)# Router IGRP 1 ( Autnums System Number)
Same Aadministrative policies
Under having same routing policies
A(config-router)# Network
10.0.0.1
A(config-router)# Network 192.168.0.1
A(config-router)# Exit
A(config)# Exit
A# Show IP Route
C 10.0.0.0/8
is directly connected, Serial 0/0
I 192.168.0.0 [100/10476] via 10.0.0.2, Serial 10/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56
Second Router
B> Enable
B # Configuration
Terminal
B(config)# Router IGRP 1 ( Autnums System Number)
Same Aadministrative policies
Under having same routing policies
B(config-router)# Network
10.0.0.2
B(config-router)# Network 192.168.1.1
B(config-router)# Exit
B(config)# Exit
B# Show IP Route
C 1.0.0.0/8 is
directly connected, Serial 0
R 192.168.0.0 [100/10476] via 10.0.0.1, Serial 10/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
B# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56
“I” character is representing IGRP protocol entry
3) EIGRP(Enhance
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)Configuration
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
Serial 0/0 Serial 0/0
A
B
192.168.0.1
192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet 0/0 Fasteathernet 0/0
A> Enable
A# Configuration Terminal
A(config)# Router EIGRP 1 ( Autnums System Number)
Same Aadministrative policies
Under having same routing policies
A(config-router)# Network
10.0.0.1
A(config-router)# Network 192.168.0.1
A(config-router)# Exit
A(config)# Exit
A# Show IP Route
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
D 192.168.1.0/24
[90/2172416] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:05,
Serial0/0
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56
Second Router
B> Enable
B # Configuration
Terminal
B(config)# Router EIGRP 1 (
Autnums System Number)
Same Aadministrative policies
Under having same routing policies
B(config-router)# Network
10.0.0.2
Bconfig-router)# Network 192.168.1.1
B(config-router)# Exit
B(config)# Exit
B# Show IP Route
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
D 192.168.0.0/24
[90/2172416] via 10.0.0.1, 00:01:42,
Serial0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
B# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56
“D” character is
representing IGRP protocol entry
4) OSPF(Open
Shortest Path First)Configuration
What was the requirement of OSPF?
When we configure “RIP” “IGRP” “
EIGRP” or other protocols then these protocol run all interfaces of the
router but “OSPF” is that protocol run
only one interface if we run. OSPF is very secure protocol. If we use “RIP” protocol then main disadvantage
is that after 30 second put routing table and send for updates(Live environment
that is very big disadvantage of that protocol because there normally data size
consist on 1000 MB and particular work
waste 2 and 3 second every updates.). In world 85 % use OSPF 13 % BGP and 2%
other.
OSPF can be configuring single interface, single link,
single network and single subnets.
OSPF have powered by dint of “WILDCARD MASK”
What is WILDCARD
MASK?
Which of the following network commands , following the 'router
ospf 1' command, tells the router to start using OSPF on interfaces whose ip
addresses are 10.1.1.1, 10.1.100.1, and 10.1.120.1?
A) network 10.1.1.0 255.0.0.0 area 0
B) network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.0 area 0
C) network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 area 0
D) network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0
A) network 10.1.1.0 255.0.0.0 area 0
B) network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.0 area 0
C) network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 area 0
D) network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0
WILDCARD MASK
Concept.
Normally we listen about WILDCARD MASK that reverse of
SUBNET MASK. But this is wrong concept.
255.255.255.0
0 .0 .0
.255 As a rule wrong
because this is valid WILDCARD MASK
Definition of Subnet Mask
Subnet Mask is continue stream of 0’s or 1’s. But Wildcard Mask is not same
type.
Calculation of Multiple IP Wildcard Mask
In Decimal Form In Binary Form
192 . 168.
1. 1 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
192 . 168.
2. 1 11000000.10101000.00000010.00000001
192 . 168.
3. 1 11000000.10101000.00000011.00000001
192 . 168.
4. 1 11000000.10101000.00000100.00000001
________________ ___________________________________
0 .
0. 7. 0
00000000.00000000.00000111.00000000
________________
___________________________________
Rule
0
Must Match
1 Don’t Care
Wildcard Mask
192 .168 . 1 . 1
0 . 0 . 7 . 0
Single IP Wildcard
Mask
Wildcard Mask
192 .168 . 1 . 1
0 . 0 . 0 . 0
1) OSPF Single
Area Configuration
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2
Serial 0/0 Serial 0/0
A
B
192.168.0.1
192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet
0/0 Fasteathernet 0
A> Enable
A# Configuration
Terminal
A(config)# Router OSPF 1 (Range
1 to 65335)
A(config-router)# Network
10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
A(config-router)# Network 192.168.0.1
0.0.0.0 area 0
A(config-router)# Exit
A(config)# Exit
A# Show IP Route
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
O 192.168.1.0/24 [110/65] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:14, Serial0/0
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56
Second Router
B> Enable
B# Configuration
Terminal
B(config)#Router OSPF 1 (Range
1 to 65335)
B(config-router)# Network
10.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
B(config-router)# Network 192.168.1.1
0.0.0.0 area 0
B(config-router)# Exit
B(config)# Exit
B# Show IP Route
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected,
Serial0/0
O 192.168.0.0/24
[110/65] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:25,
Serial0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
B# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56
“O” Character is
representing OSPF protocol entry
2) OSPF Multiple Area configuration
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2
Serial 0/0 FastEathernet0/0 Serial 0/0
192.168.0.1
FastEathernet 0/0
A
B 192.168.1.1
Serial
0/1
20.0.0.1
172.16.0.1
FastEathernet 0/0
C
Serial 0/1
20.0.0.2
A> Enable
A# Configuration
Terminal
A(config)# Router OSPF 1 (Range
1 to 65335)
A(config-router)# Network
10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
A(config-router)# Network
20.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 1
A(config-router)# Network 192.168.0.1
0.0.0.0 area 0
A(config-router)# Exit
A(config)# Exit
A# Show IP Route
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 20.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/1
O 172.16.0.0/16 [110/65] via 20.0.0.2, 00:00:20, Serial0/1
C 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
O 192.168.1.0/24 [110/65] via 10.0.0.2, 00:02:03, Serial0/0
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56
A# Ping 20.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56
Second Router
B> Enable
B # Configuration
Terminal
B(config)# Router OSPF 1 (Range
1 to 65335)
B (config-router)# Network
10.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
B (config-router)# Network 192.168.1.1
0.0.0.0 area 0
B (config-router)# Exit
B(config)# Exit
B # Show IP Route
C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0
O IA 20.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 10.0.0.1, 00:03:02, Serial0/0
O IA 172.16.0.0/16 [110/129] via 10.0.0.1, 00:03:02, Serial0/0
O 192.168.0.0/24 [110/65] via 10.0.0.1, 00:03:02, Serial0/0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
B# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56
B# Ping 20.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56
Third Router
C> Enable
C # Configuration
Terminal
C(config)# Router OSPF 1 (Range
1 to 65335)
C (config-router)# Network
20.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 1
C (config-router)# Network 172.16.0.1
0.0.0.0 area 1
C (config-router)# Exit
C(config)# Exit
C # Show IP Route
O IA 10.0.0.0/8 [110/128] via 20.0.0.1, 00:22:49, Serial0/1
C 20.0.0.0/8
is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/0
O IA 192.168.0.0/24 [110/65] via 20.0.0.1, 00:22:49, Serial0/1
O IA 192.168.1.0/24 [110/129] via 20.0.0.1, 00:22:49, Serial0/1
C# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56
C# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip
min/avg/max=32/38/56
“O A1” character
is representing multiple area configuration OSPF protocol entry
What is the difference between Broad cast &
flooded cast?
Flooded cast can be also
multicast.
If we finish all the ip routing the we will type that
command
C(config)#No IP Routing
C(config)#No OSPF 1
Difference between Distance Vector & Link
State
Distance
Vector
RIP(Routing
Information Protocol) ver 1
IGRP(Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
|
Link State
OSPF(Open
Shortest Path First)IS-IS(Intermediate System to Intermediate System)
|
1) Neighbor to Neighbor (Slow)
|
1) Information in Flooded (Fast)
|
2) Complete Routing table exchange
No Hallow
Packet Sent
Slow
Convergence
Small Network
|
2) Only Incremental & Decremental
Updates
Hallow Packets Sent
Band Width
Fast Convergence
Big Network
|
3) Calssfull(Sent
only Net ID’s)
No Support of
Subnatting
|
3) Classless(Sent
Net ID’s & Subnet Mask)
Support of
Subnatting
|
4) Routing Loops is exist
|
4) Routing Loops is not
exist
|
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